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Giovanni Battista Grassi (27 March 1854 – 4 May 1925) was an Italian physician and zoologist, most well known for his pioneering works on parasitology, especially on malariology. He was Professor of Comparative Zoology at the University of Catania from 1883, and Professor of Comparative Anatomy at Sapienza University of Rome from 1895 until his death. His scientific contributions covered embryological development of honey bees, on heminth parasites, the vine parasite phylloxera, on migrations and metamorphosis in eels, and on termites. He was the first to describe and establish the life cycle of the human malarial parasite, ''Plasmodium falciparum'', and discovered that only female anopheline mosquitoes are capable of transmitting the disease. His works in malaria remain a lasting controversy in the history of Nobel Prizes, because a British army surgeon Ronald Ross, who discovered the transmission of malarial parasite in birds was given the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. But Grassi, who demonstrated the complete route of transmission of human ''Plasmodium'', and correctly identified the types of malarial parasite as well as the mosquito vector, ''Anopheles claviger'', was denied. Grassi was the first to demonstrate the life cycle of human dwarf tapeworm'' Taenia nana'', and that this tapeworm does not require an intermediate host, contrary to popular belief. He was the first to demonstrate the direct life cycle of the roundworm ''Ascaris lumbricoides'' by self-experimentation. He described canine filarial worm ''Dipetalonema reconditum'', and demonstrated the parasite life cycle in fleas, ''Pulex irritans''. He invented the genus of threadworms ''Strongyloides''. He named the spider ''Koenenia mirabilis'' in 1885 after his wife's, Maria Koenen. He pioneered the foundation of pest control for phylloxera of grapes. == Biography == Grassi was born in Rovellasca, Italy, in what is now the Province of Como. His father Luigi Grassi was a municipal official, and mother Costanza Mazzuchelli was a noted peasant of unusual intelligence. His early education was at Saronno. From 1872 he studied medicine at the University of Pavia under professors Camillo Golgi and Giulio Bizzozero and graduated in 1878. After graduation he worked first at Messina in the Naples Zoological Station and the Oceanographic Station founded by Nicolaus Kleinenberg and Anton Dohrn where he studied Chaetognatha, then completed his training at the University of Heidelberg in Germany under the guidance of Karl Gegenbaur and Otto Bütschli. While in Heidelberg, he married Maria Koenen. In 1883 he became Professor of Comparative Zoology at the University of Catania, studying cestodes, the life cycle of the European eel (Catania) and the Moray eel (Rome). Also in Catania he began to study entomology and wrote a student text "''The Origin and Descent of Myriapods and Insects''" in addition to scientific papers. He also began to study malaria working with Raimondo Feletti on malaria, especially bird malaria. In 1895 he was appointed professor of comparative anatomy at Sapienza University of Rome, where he would spend the rest of his life. He joined Angelo Celli, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli and Ettore Marchiafava, who were working on malaria in districts around Rome. Grassi was the group’s entomologist. The group announced at the session of the Accademia dei Lincei on 4 December 1889 that a healthy man in a non-malarial zone had contracted tertian malaria after being bitten by an experimentally infected ''Anopheles claviger''. Between 1900 and 1902, Grassi, Gustavo Pittaluga and Giovanni Noè made intensive studies of malaria at Agro Portuense, at Fiumicino, on the Tiber, and on the plain of Capaccio, near Paestum. In 1902, Grassi abandoned his study of malaria and began work on the sandfly responsible for Leishmaniasis (''Phlebotomus papatasii'') and on a serious insect pest of the grape vine (''Phylloxera vastatrix )''. Endemic malaria returned to Italy during and after the First World War and Grassi resumed his mosquito studies. He died in Rome in 1925, while reading the proof of his last paper, ''Lezione sulla malaria''. Following his will, he was interred at a village cemetery in Fiumicino, a commune in the province of Rome, as he achieved his most important medical research there. His wife Maria (1860–1942) and daughter Isabella were also interred at the same tomb.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url = http://himetop.wikidot.com/giovanni-battista-grassi-s-tomb )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giovanni Battista Grassi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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